.
Yes it can.
Maf - sensor measures amount of pure air coming in the engine.
Program adjust recycling according that.
Using egr-valve.
If maf sensor tell wrong information, the whole system (and engine) starts to behave strange.
And emission levels are not any more, what they should.
Had MAF sensor replaced 8000 miles ago, almost immediately, black smoke emitted from exhaust for about 6000 miles.
Had service done, diesel treatment,emissions fine, no more black smoke.
1500 miles later,MOT failed on emissions,no symptoms.