I don't think it's a case of x amount of time = y amount of damage, and it will be the TC rather than the gearbox which will suffer.
I believe it will be a temperature increase caused by the swirling ATF in the TC which will eventually cause ongoing problems. At standstill, half of the TC is stationary, like the rest of the geartrain, and the other half is rotating at engine speed. The fluid in the TC is being thrashed between the two parts and will inevitably get hotter as a result. Just how hot, and what consequences there may be, I cannot say. Other than to say that if it is habitual (I know this is not the case here, but I am just saying...) then something will give somewhere along the line. Can you 'cook' ATF?
When on the move, both parts of the TC are going to be moving, so the situation is not the same.
My business partner bought a Volvo S-something-or-other with an auto box, and was told not to keep it in D for long at lights, etc, etc. Now to me, that sounds more like a salesman attempting to defer an existing problem from coming to light, but that's just me. On the other hand, he could have been really conscientious and was simply offering sound motoring advice.