OK, let me play it back to see if I've understood
Chipping is generic and isn't mapped against the unique engine characteristics of an individual engine? Yep, get that. And if I've understood things correctly, often just increases the fuel pressure. I can see why that might improve power but economy too seems a stretch.
Good point here on N/A engines, much harder to get additional power from unless you make mechanical changes. Generally a map will go much better on a turbo car where you can play with boost pressures etc.
Usually you can up the boost and lower the point at which it comes in so you have more power available for more of the rev range. As I said before a lot of the savigns come from not having to use as much power but also from flattening out the power curve to get the best from a particular engine. You'll find it will be more efficient across the range (Mapping can be done for efficiency as well as power too)
Remapping is (or should be) specific to an individual engine. Remapping works round power and economy limiting factors inherent with complying with EU regulations - particularly regarding catalysers ?
OK. Does that mean a remapped engine is likely to be "illegal" if it doesn't conform to EU rules? If not, again I have to wonder why the manufacturers wouldn't use the same mapping?
Some do and have had trouble. I'll go back to subaru here who have a Prodrive Performance Pack (PPP) available for most cars. This includes a back box slightly louder than standard. Some people have actually been prosecuted for an 'illegal exhaust' despite it being a factory option.
Some manufacturers now have the flaps in the exhaust which only open on certain throttle/revs to get round the noise laws (Porsche are one).
Factory maps are becoming more common. The new Focus RS500 has a Ford supported re-map to get 350bhp from the 2.5lt motor and as above, Saab seem to do one too.
Great example here from the bike world. RiDe took a brand new CBR600 off the shelf, fitted a dynojet kit, full stainless exhaust and a powercommander to control the air/fuel mix. They got an extra 15bhp, 20 miles more out of the tank and still made the emissions. With an N/A engine the quicker you can get the exhaust gas out the better (generally) but EU rule declared that all bikes must be fitted with a Cat... So it makes more noise (just) but if a bunch of journalists can get better mpg with a few hours in a garage imagine what Honda could do if they were allowed to meet emissions targets however they pleased?
Additionally, remapping optimises each individual engine rather than a generic "best fit" against a whole range of engines?
Yep, get that too, but I'm quite surprised that on an individual basis there could be such a significant improvement. Does that imply that in a run of x engines, there must be a significant fraction of x which are really poor i.e. lowest common denominator determining standard engine map? And if that's true then by implication those "poor" engines wouldn't benefit from a remap (as then again, surely the manufacturers would use the same mapping)?
Thanks for your explanation so far
Back again to the N/A issue I think. Huge power gains to be made through some engines. Remember, many use the same basic parts and design... A Subaru WRX has almost the same motor as the STI version but produces a lot less power. It isn't that it isn't capable of doing it it is simply that if it was too good there would be no point in making two different cars. Manufacturers will throttle back a car in order to create a bigger market for themselves.
As for lowest common denominator, that's true but it will be rare to find a duff one. Those will be in cars which get dubbed as lemons and given the number produced, are not common. Likewise, it could be possible to find a car which produces more than the claimed power. I think Alpina fettled BMWs are renowned for having more go than they should have!
A lot of things will also determine the reliability and power of the engine including wear, how it was run in initially, servicing etc.
m.