When we see the Space Shuttle sitting on a launch pad, there are two big booster rockets attached to the sides of the main fuel tank. These are solid fuel rocket boosters or SRB's for short. The SRB's are made by Thiokol at their factory at Utah.
The engineers who designed the SRB's wanted to have them made in one piece so there were no inconvenient joints that might, for example, leak in cold launch conditions, allow hot combustion gases to escape and rupture the main fuel tank during a launch. But they had to be shipped in from the remote Thiokol factory because US politics had dictated exactly where they were to be made. So they had to be made in segments and shipped by train from the factory to the launch site.
The railway line from the factory happens to run through tunnels in the mountains. The SRB segments therefore had to fit through the tunnels. The tunnels are slightly wider than the railroad track.
The US standard railway gauge is 4ft 8 1/2 inches. Why was that gauge used? Because that's the way they built them in England, and English expatriates built the first US railways.
And why did they use that gauge?
Because when George Stephenson was building the Stockton & Darlington Railway he decided the rail gauge should be just over 4 ft 8 1/2 ins. The reason for this was that was the width of the horse drawn wagonway at Killingworth Colliery. However, after Stephenson had made this decision, other railway chief engineers followed his example and used the same rail gauge.
Why did the people who built the wagonway use that gauge then?
Because the people who built the Killingworth and other wagonways used the same jigs and tools that they used for building wagons, which used that wheel spacing.
So why did the wagons have that particular wheel spacing?
Well, if they tried to use any other spacing, the wagon wheels would break on some of the old roads, because that was the spacing of the wheel ruts.
So who built those old rutted roads?
Imperial Rome built the first long distance roads for their legions. The roads have been used ever since
And the ruts in the roads?
Roman chariots & wagons formed the initial ruts, which everyone else had to match for fear of destroying their wagon wheels. Since chariots were made for Imperial Rome, they were all alike in the matter of wheel spacing
So the United States standard railroad gauge of 4ft 8 1/2 inches is thus directly derived from the original specifications for an Imperial Roman wagon or chariot which were made wide enough to accommodate the back ends of two horses.
So, a major design feature of what is arguably still the world's most advanced transportation system was determined over two thousand years ago by the width of a horse's ****.
I thank you.